Pulling data from the .yfs BULRECOR gives confirmation of most of those numbers, and specific velocities for missiles:
Range is in m, velocity in m/s. FUEL damage is units/80, rounded to the nearest 1. Empty tank is 1.
Gun: ID 0, velocity 1700m/s, range 3000m (can specify for turrets), damage 1 (can specify for fixed guns)
Damage dealt to an object is a function of the distance to the explosion:
The 49 damage rather than 50 is likely due to the F-16's center being 2m off the ground.
Damage radius and approximate equation:
(general form: damage taken = total damage - total damage / blast radius * range)
B500: 122m (400ft), [d = 50 - 0.41*r]
B500HD:
B250: 79m (260ft), [d = 35 - 0.44*r]
Rocket:
Fuel: no damage beyond r = units/33.6, [d = u/80 - 0.42*r]
Weights:
B500: 249.5kg (550.0lb)
B500HD: 249.5kg (550.0lb)
B250: 120.0kg (264.5lb)
AIM9: 90.0kg (198.4lb)
AIM9X: 0.0kg (0.0lb) 2015ver and before, 90.0kg (198.4lb) 2018ver
AIM120: 150.0kg (330.7lb)
AGM65: 300.0kg (661.4lb)
Rocket: 10.0kg (22.0lb) per rocket, empty pod is weightless
Flare pod: 150.0kg (330.7lb) full or empty
Fuel: 150.0kg (330.7lb) empty, 1.0kg per unit fuel
Smoke: 100.0kg (220.5lb)
Fusing radius: (how far from something it will explode)
AIM9: 18.0m
AIM9X: 23.0m
AIM120: 25.0m
AGM65: 0.0m (will not explode except on direct hit)
Rocket: 0.0m
Turn rate and seeker cone radius:
AIM9: 90deg/s, 30deg
AIM9X: 80deg/s, 30deg
AIM120: 55deg/s, 30deg
AGM65: 90deg/s, 20deg
Ground launched, SAM mode, all missiles: 180deg/s, 30deg
Ground launched, turret mode, all missiles: 90deg/s, 45deg
Player-launched weapon speeds over distance:
Surface to air weapon speeds:
All weapons launched with the SAM mechanism (MSSLTYPE variable) follow the same acceleration curve, peaking at 1020m/s. All weapons launched with the turret mechanism (TURRETWP 0 variable) follow the same curve to 800m/s. All turret-launched weapons have a max range of 20km (and setting higher will cause it to not fire at all)